Sustainable family farming has stood out over the years as an essential category for food security and boosting the world economy. In this sense, the development of this thesis has as a general objective: To evaluate public policies in the context of family farming in the light of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in an Agrarian Reform settlement in the municipality of Alenquer, Pará, Brazil; and, as specific objectives: (i) to highlight the challenges and perspectives of the Food Purchase Program (PAA) for family farming in the Lower Amazon; (ii) to highlight the relevance of institutional markets for the productive chains of family farming in the Lower Amazon; (iii) to evaluate the economic feasibility of agroforestry systems in the context of family farming in the Sustainable Development Project (PDS) - Paraíso; (iv) to identify alternatives for the evaluation of public policies and efficiency in sustainability in family farming production. Methodologically, a systematic literature review was carried out, whose information was systematized using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and processed using the Iramuteq software; as well as, secondary data made available by government institutions, public documents and scientific literature were consulted in order to analyze the panorama of institutional markets in the Baixo Amazonas region. To obtain economic data, revenues, expenses, profit/loss, payback, Net Present Value (NPV), Annual Equivalent Value (EAV), and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were calculated for Agroforestry Systems (AFSs) over the last five years. In addition, public policies and sustainable efficiency in family farming productive chains were evaluated by means of a case study in the Paraíso Sustainable Development Project (PDS), Alenquer, Pará, Brazil. From the analysis of 118 articles, it was possible to observe that studies on "public policies and sustainability in the context of family farming in the world" were published in almost all continents, with Brazil being the largest field of research (55 studies) and the USA with (13 studies). Furthermore, these articles were published in 44 different areas, especially Environmental Sciences and Ecology (40), Agriculture (29), and Science and Technology - Other Topics (26). Of the 13 municipalities in the Baixo Amazonas region, only six have carried out any activity related to the food purchase program (PAA), through the intermediation of public agencies for the purchase of food directly from family farmers. Regarding the economic evaluation of the SAFs, we used the payback method, Net Present Value - NPV, Annual Equivalent Value - AVE and the Internal Rate of Return - IRR, which showed that the planting of manioc for the production of flour and the extraction of cumaru (Dipteryx odorata) are species/products that present greater profitability. In their majority, the SAFs presented economic viability, with high profitability, and low initial investment, where all managed to recover the amount invested in less than 8 months. Finally, from the achievement of the fourth chapter, it was possible to comparatively evaluate the indicators of public policies from the point of view of the Brazilian Indicators for Sustainable Development (ODS) and verify the sustainable efficiency in the territory of the settlement. In this sense, it is expected to contribute with settled family farmers, and with public agents, to the discussions about the evaluation of public policies for family agriculture in the Lower Amazon, in order to provide subsidies for the mitigation of socioeconomic-environmental impacts related to the productive chains of family agriculture in the Amazon.

The Fabaceae family is widely distributed which Hymenaea courbaril is one of the most important species. Because of its multiple use and ethnopharmacological and pharmacological potential, it is crucial to investigate its chemical constitution and bioactive compounds. In this study, we aimed to perform the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the sap and ethanolic extract of H. courbaril wood residues. Forest residues and sap were obtained from an Amazonian native forest managed by local foresters near
the city of Santarém, Pará, Brazil. The sawdust was oven-dried at 40°C for 96 h and extraction of secondary
metabolites was performed with ethanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. The following techniques were performed to
complete phytochemical analysis: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass
Spectrometry (GC-MS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a photo-diode array detector (HPLCPDA), High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Mass Spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), using the molecular interaction networks approach or molecular networking through the GNPS (Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking) platform. One and two dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance technique, (1H, 13C, HMBC, HSQC) was used for the identification of the isolated substances. The antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP), quantification of total flavonoids, phenolic compounds contents were done by spectrophotometric methods. The antimicrobial activity of both extract and sap of H. courbaril were performed against microorganisms of clinical interest by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) technique. The ethanolic extract has a higher antioxidant potential and has the highest content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids when compared to the sap. The predominant compound class in both the extract and the sap are flavonoids, which enabled identification of 16 substances including taxifolin derivatives through spectral correspondence with experimental data from GNPS. Through the NMR technique it was possible to isolate and identify the substances fustin, taxifolin, 3-methoxy-quercetin and quercetin. The molecules identified and isolated in this work are highly important for this species, and may be the reason for its bioactivity. Thus, this study contributes to the traditional safe use of H. courbaril, and, in the long term, it may result in production of herbal medicines and formulations.

The conscious processing of information takes place in the limited Working Memory (WM),
and considers different types of cognitive load, which is the effort imposed on cognitive processes
to perform tasks. The 'intrinsic' cognitive load is related to the complexity of the content, which may
require more elaborate mental processes for its understanding. The 'relevant' charge concerns the
mental processes necessary to understand the content, such as the ability to synthesise, compare
and infer. During the presentation of the content, the 'irrelevant' load may appear, which comes
from the way the content is presented, which can generate overload in the WM. Emotions are
phenomena that manifest themselves through changes in physiology and mental processes, and
mobilize cognitive functions such as interest and focus. It can be seen, therefore, that emotions and
memories are variables that inNluence the learning process. To test a conceptual model to support
learning based on emotions and memory formation, this experimental research will seek to
investigate the emotions and cognitive functions prevalent in higher education students while
viewing video classes prepared from guidelines that enhance (scenario 1) and minimize (scenario
2) the overload on the WM, as well as the correlation between such variables, within the scope of
the Cognitive Load Theory. Forty-Nive randomly selected subjects will be part of the sample.
Emotions will be identiNied using the CADAP computational tool, which captures facial expressions
and translates them into emotions: joy, fear, anger, disgust, sadness, contempt and surprise.
Cognitive functions will be identiNied using Emotiv Epocx, a mobile Electroencephalography (EEG)
device that records the electrical activity of the brain, matching cognitive functions in the form of
performance metrics: stress, engagement, interest, enthusiasm, focus and relaxation. The data will
be analyzed with the tools of Inferential Statistics, and the choice of tests will depend on the
normality of the data.

Dipteryx spp. belong to the Fabaceae family, and their neotropical trees are native to Central and South American countries. Among the species of this genus, Dipteryx odorata stands out historically in the Amazon, for the commercialization of its seeds and extraction of coumarin, the main active compound, and Dipteryx punctata lacks studies that detail its botanical description, phytochemical composition and biological activities. In this sense, this work aimed to evaluate the chemical profile and the antioxidant and antifungal activities of ethanolic extracts of D. punctata. A systematic review was carried out on the genus Dipteryx using SciELO and the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD) as databases. For chemical and biological evaluations, plant material was collected in five areas producing cumaru seeds, in Mojuí dos Campos, Pará. The extracts were obtained via Soxhlet, using 92.8% distilled ethanol as solvent, with a total duration of eight hours, calculating the final yield. Chemical analyzes of the extracts were performed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and determination of phenolics and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity was performed by scavenging free radicals DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl). The antifungal activity of the extracts was evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In the in vitro assay, the extracts and the coumarin standard were tested at concentrations: 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (p: v), added in potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) medium, over the fungus Colletotrichum musae, the causal agent of anthracnose disease in bananas. The control consisted of fungal growth only in PDA medium. The experimental design was completely randomized (DCR), in a factorial scheme, with four replications. The evaluations were carried out by measuring the average diameter of the colonies, daily, for eight days. With the data from the colonies, the percentage of inhibition of growth (PIG), mycelial growth velocity index (MGVI) and the growth rate (GR) were determined. In the in vivo assay, the extracts and coumarin were tested at concentrations of 40% and 50%, in preventive and curative applications. The experimental design was completely randomized (DCR), in a factorial scheme, with three replications. The evaluations were carried out by measuring the average diameter of the lesions at intervals of two days, up to eight days after inoculation. The data obtained in the antifungal assays were submitted to analysis of variance and compared by the Tukey test (p≤0.05), using the statistical software SISVAR 5.6. Studies on the genus Dipteryx are more restricted to the species Dipteryx alata and Dipteryx odorata. The highest yields of extracts were obtained for residues and fruit seeds. The extracts from leaves, branches, residues and seeds showed terpenes, condensed and hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids and coumarin, as well as strong antioxidant action. The extracts from the branches and residues of the fruits of D. punctata and the coumarin pattern, caused the greatest inhibitions in the growth of the phytopathogen in vitro and in vivo, all extracts were effective, especially coumarin and preventive applications of concentrations tested. The results obtained for the extracts are promising and sources of investigation for the future development of natural products aimed at controlling anthracnose in a more sustainable way.

This thesis aimed to evaluate the main socio-environmental impacts associated with the irregular occupation of Bela Vista do Juá, in the municipality of Santarém. As a way of evaluating these impacts, secondary data surveys were carried out from public agencies, and primary data with the residents and leaders of the occupation, such as: evolution of occupation, infrastructure, sanitation, electricity, among other social aspects to generate an ontological model . As main results we can mention expansion of the area that is consolidated, largely by residents who did not have their own home. Generating the removal of a large part of the native vegetation and the waterproofing of the soil, causing flooding due to the lack of drainage infrastructure, causing damage mainly in the lowlands, on the Fernando Guilhon Highway and near the end of Rua da Alegria, which by topographic mapping and indication of residents are the areas where most of the flooding is concentrated, and where the quality of the water from the wells was of lower quality, with high levels of nitrate and low dissolved oxygen related to the decomposition of organic matter and sewage. In addition to negative effects on groundwater quality, the water quality of Juá Lake is also affected by contamination, the lake has high levels of heavy metals, of which Cadmium, Lead, Copper were evaluated. Chromium, Iron, Manganese, Mercury, Nickel and Zinc, these changes were marked for iron (1549.64 mg/kg) and mercury (0.40 mg/kg), being in disagreement with resolutions nº 420/2009 and 454/ 2012 C1 by Conama, specifically these metals have high natural concentrations in the Amazonian soil, and are released into the environment by the process of burning and deforestation, which corroborate our statement that the occupation generated environmental liabilities to the environment. These actions, such as deforestation, soil sealing and constructions made of highly reflective materials, generated a thermal island of heat in the Ocupação do Juá, which is not seen in forested areas, resembling the average temperature of central areas of cities. Based on the above, we can conclude that the occupation process is already irreversibly consolidated, where it is in the process of annexation as a new neighborhood of the municipality, and as future perspectives it is expected to obtain more detailed information on this process for a better adaptation. of urban planning and mitigation of environmental changes that affect the climate, such as the planning of urbanization projects with drainage engineering and afforestation in heat island points and the reforestation of APP areas to reduce heat points and protect the lake against the carrying of debris from the surroundings to reduce in order to be corrected in future areas of urbanization, thus bringing dignity to these populations.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease potentially fatal to humans and it has the capacity to generate health and economic damage to several animal species. If the existence of favorable environmental conditions for the occurrence of leptospirosis is considered, the potential amplitude of the disease is magnified, thus justifying the need for epidemiological studies in both the human and animal populations. Thus, this thesis developed a retrospective epidemiological study of cases of leptospirosis infection in humans - Chapter I - in the State of Amazonas, as well as a seroepidemiological study in horses from Manaus and the metropolitan region - Chapters II and III -. Data for the development of Chapter I were obtained from the Sistema Único de Saúde database (DATASUS), using data from diseases and conditions of notification from SINAN (Notifiable Diseases Information System) referring to cases of leptospirosis in the municipalities of the state of Amazonas from 2010 to 2019. Information on cases of infection in humans in those years were correlated with meteorological data from BDMEP (Meteorological Database of INMET – Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology) precipitation, temperature, and humidity of the conventional meteorological stations of the network of INMET stations in the State of Amazonas. As a main result, it was found that Leptospira infection was more frequent in the home environment in the state of Amazonas, therefore, this location is an important determinant of transmission, and a consequence, probably, of the precarious environmental conditions existing in the home and peridomicile. Associated with this result and, taking into account the climatic and environmental characteristics of the region and information on the increase in the number of horses that live in urban areas of the municipality of Manaus, the risk of exposure and contamination of humans and other animals susceptible animals has become greater, as the equine population has been growing in recent years. Thus, for chapters II and III, a literature review on leptospirosis in horses was carried out, and the frequency of leptospirosis in equine from Manaus and the metropolitan region of Amazonas was determined, as well as serum samples were collected and sent for diagnosis. leptospirosis serological test at LABLEPTO (leptospirosis research and diagnosis laboratory) belonging to Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Serum samples were tested (n = 198) for the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies by microscopic microagglutination assay, as recommended by the World Health Organization. The results obtained in the study indicated a high frequency (n = 92 / 46.46%) of seropositivity for Leptospira spp. in horses in the State of Amazonas, indicating the existence of a high frequency of reaction to serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pyrogenes. With the increase in the equine herd in the region and, consequently, greater interaction between breeders and animals, the identification of reactive serogroups of Leptospira spp. signals the possible existence of reservoirs and pathogenic strains for other animals and for man. As a conclusion, in the sum of the three chapters, it can be inferred that the greatest risk of leptospirosis in the state of Amazonas is urban, highly related to environmental conditions favorable to the development and maintenance of the bacterium in the environment, especially when associated with low rates of sanitation. The seroprevalence obtained for horses shows that the disease affects these animals, which can bring economic losses to breeders and health, considering the potential of reservoir and transmission that horses can play. Finally, epidemiological studies on leptospirosis must be of a permanent and periodic nature, so that updated disease data can be kept, which, therefore, could facilitate the implementation and adjustment of leptospirosis prevention and control measures in the state of Amazonas.

The aim assigned to this thesis text is the analysis of processes related to introducing of grain cultivation in
the municipality’s territory of Santarém, through narratives constructed by peasant families who settled
there prior to these strategies of agribusiness expansion. In the process of constructing the analysis,
strategies mobilized by peasant families have been valued. After migrating to the region, when faced with
the project of access to plots of land, they boasted of the successful reproduction of their way of life. The
guarantee of land ownership, followed by the qualification of the own tenure, in accordance with the
judgments established by the domestic groups, enabled the construction of other strategies, which provided
their descending with favorable conditions for the reproduction of a life dissociated from productive
activities developed in the countryside. For this purpose, peasant families, i.e., those embraced by this field
research, have mobilized resources and efforts that enabled the introduction of their descendants in
professional qualification programs, later, they themselves operated in the construction of access to the paid
labor market. This labor market, normally reached and reproduced by the immigration of descending of
peasant families to other municipalities, was consolidated, especially in the capitals of the Northern region,
allowing relative redistribution of the success that remained in the previous management of the land plot.
In constructing the analysis of this object of study, bibliographic references and information built in
fieldwork have been mobilized, as well as interviews were conducted with several peasant families settled
in the Santareno territory. In addition, data provided by the Santarém health and education secretariats have
been incorporated, which are important to understanding the contexts of constitution and reproduction of
rural communities on the Santareno plateau. Finally, it dissociated itself from external and defeatist
evaluations, by which the movement out of the rural territory would have caused shanty towns processes
of the city of Santarém. Through the possibility of alternative and complementary interpretations about the
construction of strategies mediated by peasant families in Santarém, it was enabled to incorporate other
family projects, which permitted the reproduction of their in the highlighted territory, even if this required
redefining the future of their children. Among other reasons, the redefinition of peasant life trajectories
enabled the incorporation of several plots of land into the process of introducing the grain production of the
Santareno plateau. Thus, the insertion of grain cultivation in the region has stimulated, amid many other
alternatives, the consolidation of autonomous reproduction strategies of these families, and even of their
descendants who can reproduce their lives by entering the wage labor market, but also by developing
autonomous productive activities, affiliated to positions in public services or even as self-employed
professionals.

Among the disturbances of anthropic origin that occur in tropical forests, fire and its long-term impacts are still poorly known, especially when there are interactions with selective logging. With the monitoring of permanent plots, it is possible to describe the recovery trajectory and better understand the resilience mechanisms of the forest after the occurrence of fires. The objective of my thesis was to answer the following question: how does fire affect the recovery trajectory of a mature forest subjected to selective logging in the Brazilian Amazon? To tackle this question, it was used a set of 60 plots of 0.25 ha (50 m x 50 m; 12 sample hectares) installed in the Tapajós National Forest on 180 hectares of a mature terra firme forest with a history of forest management (1982) and fire (1997), monitored through frequent measurements of trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm, from 1981 to 2012 (31 years). To determine the disturbance effects, basal area, mortality rates, recruitment rates, and species diversity, were compared through Repeated Measures Variance Analysis (ANOVA) and Linear Mixed Effect Models (MLM). The results show that in the Brazilian Amazon, Dense Ombrophilous Forest is resilient to fire. In a short time (15 years after the fire), the undisturbed native forest is able to stabilize its mortality rates and forest structure remains similar to its original conditions, mostly due to mortality is concentrated among small trees (DBH < 20 cm). However, the maintenance of high recruitment rates and the strong presence of pioneer tree species are an indicative that the forest is still recovering. In managed forests affected by fire, logging intensity is a determining factor in the dynamics of tree vegetation, and therefore the resilience of the forest is directly associated with previous conditions of forest structure (basal area and presence of large trees). The combination of reduced impact logging, non-commercial species thinning, and small fires did not cause losses in species diversity, although heavy thinning alters the species composition. In short, forests, with no history of frequent and severe disturbances, are more fire resistant and resilient.

The Curuá-Una Hydroeletric plant, located south of the city of Santarém-PA, was built in the 70s and was the first in the region. The construction of hydroelectric plants, and consequently the reservoirs that form part of them, substantially interfere with the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the aquatic system, affecting water quality. Therefore, knowledge of aquatic organisms and the food chain of a reservoir is of great importance, because the presence or absence of certain species and the composition of existing communities serve as indicators of the “status” of water quality. The diatoms are main algae in the periphytic communities. In addition to the fundamental contribution to the trofic chain, they can also be used efficiently in the assessment of environmental conditions in rivers, streams, reservoirs and lakes. Aiming to investigate the composition (floristic survey) of the periphytic diatom community of the Curuá-Una reservoir (Santarém-PA), as well as analyzing the distribution of this community of periphytic algae in the river and Curuá-una reservoir in relation to abiotic data,
this study carried out collections between the months of May 2016 and April 2017 in six different sites, distributed over of the Curua-Una reservoir (transiotional zone/ influence lotic places), mouth of the Moju and Mojui rivers (transiotinal zone/ influence lotic environment) and reservoirs (lake zone) in two periods (less rainy and rainy) totaling 24 samples. Measurements were taken in each sampling in situ of physical and chemical varieties of water, like: depth (m), water transparency (m), water temperature (ºC), dissolved oxygen (DO: mg.L^-1), conductivity (μS.cm^-1), and pH were also measured with aid of the probe multiparameter AKSO model AK88. The environmental variables such as: turbidity (NTU), Ammonium (mg. L^-1), Nitrate (mg. L^-1), Phosphorus (mg. L^-1), Silicate (mg. L^-1) and biochemical demand –BOD (mg. L^-1) were also measured. Periphytic diatoms were obtained using artificial substrates (samplers) type EDS (Epilithic Diatom Sampler)
In total, 172 taxa were recorded throughout the sample, belonging to 34 genus and 21 families. The most representatives’ genus was Eunotia Ehrenberg (57%), Gomphonema Ehrenberg (15%), Frustulia Rabenhorst (15%) and Encyonema Kützing (13%). The Shannon diversity ranged from H’=1,51 to H’=3,18 in the reservouir in the rainy season between H’= 1,68 to H’= 3,09 from less rainy season. Among the variables evaluated in this study, electrical conductivity was the environmental variable most altered in the rainy season by the degradation conditions found throughout the reservoir. The results PERMANOVA and the PCO revealed the existence of a spatial pattern between the samplers, and that diatoms community is structured in three distinct groups. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the composition of the periphytic diatoms is strongly associated by the environmental variables conductivity, pH, BOD, ammonium, silica, temperature and transparency. It was also possible to observe that most of the registered species were considered rare, some species stood out as sporadic and few were considered frequent or constant. The results observed in the present study showed a high diversity of taxa throughout the sample when compared with other studies carried out with EDS type samplers in Brazil, in addition, it provided a better understanding of the floristic composition of the periphery in Amazonian aquatic environments. The Curuá-Una reservoir is relatively preserved, however it shows signs of mild to moderate degree of anthropic influence, which are associated with the inadequate use of the soil around this aquatic environment.

The theme of this doctoral thesis addresses the body-nature relationship based
on the experiences lived of riverside dwellers with the phenomenon of fallen
lands in an Amazonian floodplain. For this study we assume as a general
objective to understand the senses and meanings of the experiences lived in
the body-nature relationship in face of the seasonality of the Amazon River and
the phenomenon of fallen lands of residents of the São Ciríaco do Urucurituba
community in Santarém-Pará. And as specific objectives: to present the
experiences lived with the seasonality and the phenomenon of the lands fallen
in the floodplain; to present and describe the meanings of the experiences lived
by the residents from the body-nature relationship and their strategies to face
the seasonality of the floodplain and the fallen lands; and to analyze the senses
that lead residents to remain in an environment susceptible to seasonal
changes, as well as to the risks of material and immaterial damage resulting
from the phenomena of fallen lands. We used Qualitative Research, conducting
a case study supported by Phenomenology according to Merleau-Ponty and
centered on the structure of the situated phenomenon. The constitution of the
data occurred through direct observation of the studied community and the
reports made by the residents during the phenomenological interviews.The
conclusions express the meaning of a riverside body that has experience of
living with nature, develops environmental perception and creates strategies for
coexistence and survival based on the skills acquired through years of learning
in the Amazonian floodplain. As well as, the sense of staying in place
announces a relational and esthetic riverside body, which is incarnated in the
life-world capable of maintaining the constituted relationships and using natural
resources as means of survival. Therefore, this doctoral thesis, based on
phenomenological assumptions, proposes other ways of thinking about the
riverside-floodplain relationship, in addition to technical-functionalist views, in
order to reflect on complex realities, such as this one of the studied Amazon
context.

The understanding of the process of occupation of the Amazon goes through the analysis of the development policies implemented by the State in the region, starting in the 1960s. Within the scope of the set of actions focused, initially, on national integration, the opening of highways was a necessary subsidy to reach the proposed objectives, in addition to the formation of an urban network, as a logistical base of occupation. In this context, countless population nuclei, both induced and spontaneous, appear in the region, such as the Boa Esperança Community, in the municipality of Santarém, western Pará. In this context, this study aims to analyze the changes in the use and occupation of the territory in the Community of Boa Esperança, located in Santarém, western region of Pará, from the 1960s to 2020. bibliographic, journalistic and documentary revision and field research. The origin of the Boa Esperança community is related to the construction of PA-370 (Santarém-Curuá-Una) and the Sylvio Braga Hydroelectric Plant, also known as the Curuá-Una hydroelectric plant, works resulting from the demands of local politicians. There were three phases in its historical and territorial development process: a) Extractive; b) Formation and consolidation; Specialization in Production and Agribusiness. In this development process, the community underwent important transformations and was inserted in the logic of capitalist reproduction, and follows the trend of a process of urbanization and modernization of its productive activities inserted in a capitalist logic of accumulation and concentration of socially produced wealth. The understanding of the occupation process in the Amazon goes through the analysis of the development policies implemented by the State in the region, starting in the 1960s. Within the scope of the set of actions focused, initially, on national integration, the opening of highways was a necessary subsidy to reach the proposed objectives, in addition to the formation of an urban network, as a logistical base of occupation. In this context, numerous population nuclei arise, both induced and spontaneous, such as the Community of Boa Esperança, in the municipality of Santarém, western Pará. In this context, this
study aims to analyze the changes in use and occupation of the territory in the Community of Boa Esperança, located in Santarém, western region of Pará, from the 1960s to 2020. For this purpose, a bibliographical, journalistic and documentary review and field research were carried out. The origin of the Boa Esperança community is related to the construction of PA-370 (Santarém-Curuá-Una) and the Sylvio Braga Hydroelectric Plant, also known as the Curuá-Una hydroelectric plant, works resulting from the demands of local politicians. There were three phases in its historical and territorial development process: a) Extractive; b) Formation and consolidation; Specialization in Production and Agribusiness. In this development process, the community underwent important transformations and was inserted in the logic of capitalist reproduction, and follows the trend of a process of urbanization and modernization of its productive activities inserted in a capitalist logic of accumulation and concentration of socially produced wealth.

In the Lower Amazon, the species Pterygoplichthys pardalis, popularly known as Acari, is one of the ten main species of regional fisheries and, for this reason, this research evaluates the Acari fishing, aiming at identifying the main factors that influence the catches in the co-management system in foodplain communities located in the municipalities of Santarém and Alenquer, Pará. The research on the field was carried out in the Pixuna and Tapará Miri communities, in the municipality of Santarém, and Salvação in the municipality of Alenquer. The data gathering was carried out through interviews, observation, participatory monitoring of fishing and fish sampling. The results indicate that Acari fishing is important both for consumption and for the families' economy. The catches occur most frequently between July and November (ebb and dry seasons). Acaris, unlike most amazonian fish, are traded live and in units. In the Salvação community it is also sold in the form a fish flour (named piracuí) manually produce. The foodplain lakes are the main capture environments throughout the year. The fisheries are influenced by the rules created by communities, market demand, fishermen's knowledge and the local seasonality. The locations that have the most rigid management rules, such as the restriction of certain equipments, are those with the healthiest stocks. The fishermen have refined knowledge, comparable to the scientific knowledge found in the literature, about biological and ecological aspects of the Acari, and this knowledge is plausible for the sustainable management of the species. Such results contribute to the understanding of how the Acari fishing is currently developed in the study area and they can also help management and conservation of this resource that is emblematic for the Lower Amazon.

This thesis has as main objective to propose a conceptual model to represent and treat body signals such as facial expressions, heartbeat and brain waves, in the learning process. For this, three experiments were carried out in educational institutions in the city of Santarém. In Early Childhood Education and Elementary School 1, which are part of Basic Education, the participants were teachers at Colégio Dom Amando - CDA. In Technical Education, the participants were students of the Computer Maintenance discipline of the Technical Course in Informatics at the Centro de Formação Jessé Pinto Freire - SENAC and, in Higher Education, students enrolled in the discipline of Information and Communication Technology linked to the Science course in Computing at the Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará - UFOPA. The experiments were guided by a six-step process, supported by technological tools such as the CADAP platform, Heart Rate Sensor, Oximeter and Emotiv Epoc +. The research was qualitative and quantitative, the methodology used was action research, involving planning, action, description and analysis steps in all experiments. Regarding the results, they showed that the emotional state of the participants during the performance of the different types of activities could be perceived through the monitoring of body signals, thus validating the hypotheses raised in this research. The model and the experiments were evaluated by all participants, obtaining a positive feedback regarding their applied in learning spaces, aiming at the possibility of improvements in the learning and teaching processes. It is concluded that, analyzing the data set on heartbeat, performance metrics through brain waves and emotional states by facial expressions, the same activity can produce different reactions in the participants, according to the methodology used by the teacher, the which reaffirmed the premise that learning should always be student-centered. Future research will be conducted to expand the number of experiments, in several areas, also addressing the public of teachers, in order to compare the data and point out potential improvements to the methodological process applied.

The environmental issue is extremely complex, which impels us to plan studies that focus on an integrating vision of the dialectical processes of the relationship between society, nature and development, especially with regard to the Amazon and its populations. Environmental Psychology has consolidated itself as a fertile area for interdisciplinary discussions, allowing to expand knowledge related to human-environmental problems. In this perspective, the present thesis focused its attention on the psychosocial implications arising from the phenomenon of fallen lands in the lowland santarena and the socio-environmental changes that were necessary for the community members of Fátima do Urucurituba, resettled in the plateau region of the municipality of Santarém / PA. As a general objective, he proposes “To analyze the person-environment-gender relations based on the understanding of the affection for the place in a lowland riverside community, which experienced the phenomenon of fallen lands in the Santarena Amazon”; And, it assumes the following specific objectives: i) to identify the construction of place identity; ii) understand the process of space appropriation; iii) identify the built territories; iv) investigate the affective meanings attributed by men and women to the community currently constituted; and, v) verify the implications of the phenomenon of “fallen lands” on territorial change and on socioeconomic issues. The research has a quantitative and qualitative approach, with structured interviews and application of the instrument for generating affective maps with 16 community members, in addition to the ethnographic study (which took place from March 2019 to January 2020). The results revealed the new socio-environmental and socio-social context of the Fátima de Urucurituba community members already resettled on the mainland, namely: impacts on individual and collective sociability by the new territoriality and reconfiguration of the territory; changes in socioeconomic activities, especially for fishing and agriculture; men and women experienced territorial change differently and developed different affections for the place of residence. The inhabitants of Fátima de Urucurituba in Eixo Forte: show a strong community relationship and bring elements of their collective identity from the old community (Ex .: community patron saint - Nossa Senhora de Fátima); they demonstrate affection for the place in transition, as well as a process of building a new place identity based on the new socio-environmental and relational context, observed in the potentializing affection relationship. The data analysis process reveals that the phenomenon of “fallen lands” in the Amazon must be understood as a socio-environmental and political event, which affects the most vulnerable populations and which is complex, giving visibility to these populations with regard to the abandonment of public policies and the lack of guarantees of fundamental rights, especially regarding access to health and education. The presented problem, and its several crossings, intends to produce references in the Environmental Sciences of the constituent dialectical processes, in a psychosocial and affective perspective, of the identity particularities of riverside lowland populations in the Amazon.

The Information Technology (IT) sector and its innovations are responsible for a portion of the world's pollution, with the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), toxic waste disposal, among others. With the arrival of Industry 4.0, the pollution from this sector tends to increase and the IT professional must also assume the task of managing and / or avoiding these impacts. The university has a strategic role in coaching this professional for the new reality. Thus, the general objective of this doctoral thesis is "To analyze the environmental thematic / Green IT in the formation of the Computer Scientist at the Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR) and the level of socio-environmental awareness of teachers and graduates of the program". It assumes the following specific objectives: i) to analyze the institutional documents of this IFES (BCC-UNIR Statute, General Regulation, PDI and PPC) in relation to the presence of the environmental thematic, having the relevant legislation as a basis; ii) describe the profile of its undergraduates, considering the empirical study, the national reference curriculum of the area and the demands of the global market; iii) verify the perception and level of knowledge of professors and alumni on environmental issues and, more specifically, the presence of Green Information Technology (Green IT) in the formation of the Bachelor in Computer Science; iv) map the manifestations of environmental issues / Green IT in the training process of this professional and the level of socio-environmental awareness of coordinators, teachers and alumni, with a view to proposing strategies that can subsidize knowledge of sustainable Green IT practices. It is a case study in the Computer Science course at UNIR - headquarters campus, with a qualitative and quantitative approach, based on bibliographic, documentary and empirical research, carrying out a pilot study (2018) with students, teachers and coordinators. In the research itself, an online questionnaire was applied with 45 undergraduates and 14 professors of the program. The collected data were treated with content analysis (BARDIN, 2011) and the triangulation technique (DENZIN, 1979). As a result of the analysis, it was found that: with regard to the Amazon thematic, highlighted in the PDI, the same does not occur in the PPC of the studied program, even though UNIR documents (BCC Statute, PDI and PPC) partially comply with EA legislation; there are indications related to the environmental thematic in the curriculum of the Computer Science Program studied in only one course (Electronics for Computing), however, most of the respondent professors say they do not address these issues in their disciplines, although the undergraduates surveyed affirm the opposite, including confirming the aforementioned, in addition to indicating several other courses directly related to the area of computing. It should be noted that the subjects in the area of mathematics are advertised as those that have no relation to environmental and / or green IT themes; most undergraduates and teachers demonstrate knowledge about green IT and sustainable practices, but only 7% of graduates claim to have acquired this knowledge at the university, since at the time the program took a more technical approach, with little emphasis on human issues that related to computing, among them the environmental issue; professors and undergraduates consider it important to insert the environmental thematic / Green IT in the subjects of the course studied, even though there are professors arguing that it should be treated in a transversal way in the curriculum. As for the level of socio-environmental awareness of those surveyed, it can be said that in the personal sphere they recognize and announce the adoption of personal Green IT practices, including energy savings, minimal use of paper and proper disposal of equipment. The study concludes that Green IT has the potential to be used as part of Environmental Education (EA) in Computer Programs in Brazil and worldwide, leading future professionals to be co-responsible with a more sustainable society.

Agrarian reform settlements are part of Brazilian public policies as a mechanism for fulfilment the social function of the land, sheltering families of farmers from various agrarian dynamics of the country. These rural settlements enable socioeconomic improvements to rural workers and their families, under very varied conditions and, in general, with many limitations of all orders, which are better understood through interdisciplinary studies and methodologies that allow a greater immersion in the realities. The present study has the general objective to contribute in the analysis of agrarian reform policies in the Amazon from an interdisciplinary study about socioeconomic and environmental advances and setbacks of the  São Mateus and Santo Antônio communities of the Settlement Project Moju I and II, over the course of ten years (2008 to 2018). The research presented the potential for use and the structure of forests in managed areas; the family farming production considering the socioeconomic strategies; the environmental impacts and mitigating measures in the two communities; and the aspects related to the socioeconomic dynamics of families. The methodology was based on the temporal comparative analysis of data collected in 2008 and 2018 through the Participatory Rapid/Rural Appraisal (PRA), semi-structured interviews and participant observation, with technical assistance of overlay of thematic maps, interaction matrices and through analysis the timber and non-timber potential of forest species. This study indicates that ecological, economic and social sustainability, in the communities surveyed, depends on numerous factors combined, which highlights the necessity to improvement of the production systems and assisted strategies in the relations of the settlers with the market so that the improvements in the living conditions of these populations to be solid and durable, based on more effective public policies for rural settlements in the Amazon.

The intention in writing this thesis is to answer the following question: how did the construction of the protocol of prior consultation of the FEDERATION OF THE ORGANIZATIONS KILOMBOLAS DE SANTARÉM (FOQS) strengthened the dialogue among the associated communities and how did it serve to make the quilombola movement more resistant in Santarém? It may seem a simple matter, however, the growing construction of protocols of prior consultation of the traditional communities of the Amazon region has been emphasizing that these protocols are a response to the administrative and legislative decisions that are being edited without allowing the right that the communities impacted by these decisions must be heard. The violation of the right to the Prior Informed, Free and Informed Consultation (CPLI) contained in Convention no. 169 of the International Labor Organization (ILO) of 1989, causes traditional communities to provoke domestic courts and international courts with a view to respecting their right to participate in decision-making that affects them directly. The prior consultation protocol of quilombo remnant communities associated with Foqs demonstrates that this participation should occur through dialogue. The process of constructing Foqs consultation protocol not only promoted the approach of the quilombola communities, but also their strengthening in the spaces of debates. As a basis for the research, we used Jurgen Habermas's theory of communicative action (1989), for whom mutual understanding can be obtained through rational consent derived from an assertion, free of manipulations or communications distorted by external agents, and seated on common convictions. The Habermasian theory served to explain the procedure by which agreements and consensus are obtained, considering the equal right of participation of all involved. As a methodology for the analysis of the results, the Collective Subject Discourse procedure was used by Lefrève et al (2005).

The Hydroelectric Power (HP) Plant reservoir Curuá-Una was the first hydroelectric plant built in Central Amazonia. This reservoir can be used as a projection example of the impacts caused by these buildings in aquatic habitats. Due to the great importance of this reservoir for the limnology studies for the Amazon. The objective of this study was firstly to classify the reservoir waters based on trophic state indexes (TSI); to identify the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of limnological environmental variables and of the phytoplankton community; To construct a simplified mathematical dynamics model of the total phytoplankton biomass; and to simulate three scenarios of tambaqui production in cage to evaluate capacity of support of the contribution of nutrients in the reservoir. The samplings were colletecd in May 2016 to February 2017 in 8 points. The limnological variables determined were: water transparency, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, BOD, nitrate, silica, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a. Phytoplankton samples were quantified by the UTERMÖHL and UHELINGER methods, for which the results were then expressed in ind.mL^-1. For the model construction was divided into two stages, the first was to construct a model terms of total biomass (chlorophyll-a) and the second stage is to elaborate a projection of three tambaqui production scenarios in tank-nets in the reservoir. For the construction of the integrated two-step model, the STELLA 8.0 software was used, the solutions of the ordinary differential equations were calculated using the 4th order Runge-Kutta numerical integration method. The TSI varies between ultraoligotrophic and mesotrophic, being observed both in the vicinity of the dam and in the outermost reservoir area. The results obtained for the abiotic limnological variables, suggest that the seasonal effect is responsible for the variability of such variables. This is demonstrated by the analysis of major components revealed that the samples are grouped seasonally between dry, intermediate and rainy seasons. The simulation of the model for the total phytoplankton biomass in terms of chlorophyll a for 12 months, showed a good accuracy and the validation had the coefficient of determination R² = 68.55% between the variability of the simulated period with the data observed in the field. Simulations for the tambaqui production scenarios in net tanks showed that they both exceeded CONAMA's limits in 240 days of cultivation. The more conservative scenario that presents the lowest fish density, despite having less impact, does not present economic viability; on the other hand, the scenario with higher fish density presents greater economic viability, according to data obtained in the literature. Finally, it should be noted that these results of the modeling of the present study is a scientific product that presented scenarios of aquaculture, passive improvements with insertion of other key variables of water quality that can be verified. And, it also opens the possibilities for this scientific product to be evaluated by decision makers to discuss the implantation of aquaculture enterprises in reservoirs in the Amazon to estimate the capacity of support of effluents that can directly interfere in the water quality of these environments.

In the Tapajós National Forest (Flona Tapajós), the riverside communities of São Domingos, Maguari and Jamaraquá are made up of small family units, with ecotourism as a source of income, which has increased in recent years, which has further boosted rubber production and collection of forest seeds for the production of bio-jewels and handicrafts. The production of jewelery supplies the local market, being well accepted by the tourists who visit the Tapajós Flona, and consequently end up buying the biojewerls, adding an additional value to the piece because it is made in a natural way with low environmental impact. Among the seeds used, the morototó Schefflera morototoni is present in the majority of the compositions of the biojóias of these communities, being collected in the nearby forests the residences and benefited for its later use by the artisans themselves. Therefore, the purpose of the thesis is to describe the value chain of the morototó seed by analyzing the following links: fruit collection, seed processing, biojóias confection in communities. In order to establish the research theme, an interview with the representative of the Tapajos Mixed Cooperative (COOMFLONA) was carried out and a Rapid Rural Diagnosis (DRP) was carried out with community collectors and artisans to find out which forest products were used by the communities. 10 people from the three communities using non-timber forest products (NTFPs) were interviewed. From this previous knowledge of the activities of the communities, the seed of morototó was pointed out by the majority of the interviewees as the NWFP most used in the production of handicrafts and biojóias. In order to investigate, if the morotot trees in the three communities have sufficient stock in the forests collected, a population structure study was carried out in the forest of seed collection in São Domingos, Maguari and Jamaraquá. In addition to the three selected areas, a control area in Jamaraquá, not used for morotot collection, was chosen to compare if there is influence on the occurrence of trees by seed management. The analysis of the spatial distribution pattern of the individuals of S. morototoni, was through the Morisita index. It was verified that there are no significant differences in the areas and that the morototo trees are distributed in aggregate form, thus delimiting the sites of fruit collection by the community, facilitating the obtaining of seeds. The information of the ecology of the species served as a subsidy to describe the morotote seed value chain, in which the processes of collection, processing and production of the morotote biojóias were used, using the descriptive survey method, through semi - structured questionnaires with the actors involved in the processes, and for the analysis of the chain, the Value Links methodology was applied, which are techniques to promote local economic development through the strengthening of value chains. The value chain of the Morototó seed in the Flona Tapajós communities is much more than income-generating activity. It is an example of consolidation of the sustainable use of forest resources and harmonious coexistence with the forest, even though, with some activity aggregates values in all the links of its chain, strengthening the families of the communities involved promoting local development and environmental preservation.

Artificial eutrophication in a reservoir makes the use of water unviable by the
human population, destabilizes all ecosystemic attributes and can promote irreducible
changes in biodiversity in the aquatic environment. Thus, to understand how fish play
their trophic functions and their ecological role in the face of limnological changes, the
present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the water quality of the reservoir
of the Curuá-Una hydroelectric power plant, the energy flow and the trophic structure of
the food chain of the main species of fish belonging to different guilds. The samples were
taken at the Curuá-Una reservoir, the first in Central Amazonia, in two periods of a
hydrological cycle, upstream and downstream of the dam. In the first part of the study,
the diet of 22 fish species was evaluated through the calculation of the Food Importance
Index (IAi). The results obtained allowed the identification of trophic interactions that
suggest the development of trophic stabilization after four decades of reservoir formation.
In the second part of the study, the correlations between energy flow and food chain
structure were investigated with changes in limnological parameters as a function of a
possible artificial eutrophication. Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic
compositions of fish and autotrophic sources were analyzed and nine limnological
parameters were measured. According to the results obtained, the reservoir does not
present an advanced artificial eutrophication, but the isotopic enrichment of nitrogen in
the fish and in the autotrophic sources indicates that there is an increase in the
concentration of nutrients in the aquatic environment and this in turn is incorporated in
the base of the chain and transferred to the other trophic levels. Although conventional
water analysis methods do not yet detect changes in nutrient content, the nitrogen isotope
has proved to be a sensitive ecological indicator for such a diagnosis. On the other hand,
there were no significant changes in the energy flow of the food chain. Thus, it was
concluded that after forty years of formation of the Curuá-Una reservoir the ichthyofauna
reached trophic stabilization, but this stage has signs of anthropogenic disturbance that
are likely to compromise the ecological homeostasis of the reservoir.

The recent human occupation process of western Pará state portion began in 1970 from the government program called the National Integration Plan that brought tens of thousands families to migrate to the region. The construction of two major highways, one connecting the Brazilian northeast to the heart of the Amazonian rainforest and the other creating a logistic corridor from the south of the country to the port of Santarém were the migration routes. This population flow has generated several changes in urban, natural and social landscapes through interconnected processes of deforestation and economic growth, the emergence of new cities and new types of interactions between population, environment and markets. But what is the relationship between deforestation and economic growth and how this relationship is expressed in the social fabric of the region in the form of development - the nickname for qualitative improvements in terms of well-being, freedom and citizenship - are issues to be explored. Through the historical, economic and spatial analysis of the population, environmental and economic aspects, it is sought to respond to these points and, in the end, to confront these answers with the hypothesis that what occurs in the region is not development in the strict sense of the term, but rather a process of conservative and excluding modernization.

Sustainable Use Conservation Units (UCS) are areas established by the public power in order to conserve the environment. They should associate nature conservation with the controlled use of natural resources. In this scenario emerged in the UCS specific arrangements of institutions to create a community-based forest enterprise (EFC) with the objective of managing these resources with sustainability, securing income for the traditional populations. The major challenge was to promote timber production through community forest management (MFC), without destroying the forest. The experience of the MFC directly contributed to the formation of a stock of knowledge, which presented itself in a disorganized and informal way, which makes it difficult to use it efficiently. In this context, the main objective of the study was to elaborate a conceptual model capable of supporting a semantic frame of reference in order to formally represent the knowledge in UCS so that the actors of the collaborative network share it unambiguously. In order to do so, we sought to identify the main components of the model and its attributes to then instantiate them to the contextual reality of the MFC and finally to design a semantic framework. It is a study with a qualitative theoretical-empirical approach with the use of a computational tool to create an ontology based on the MFC scenario in UCS. By designing and building a knowledge base, the Onto-ForestManagement ontology proved to be relevant as the first step towards deploying Knowledge Management in UCS because of its breadth and rich vocabulary of MFC knowledge. It constitutes important elements for the description and understanding of the domain as the presentation of two taxonomies namely a taxonomy of concepts with thirty-two classes which were mapped from the point of view of specialists and a taxonomy of relations with nineteen properties of objects . Its validation was established by the criteria of coherence, clarity and objectivity and compliance to the ontological commitment, which allowed it to meet the requirements and planned purposes as a potential opportunity to disseminate knowledge among stakeholders and serve as a basis in future systems development project .

Through the study we approached primary health care (PHC) from the perspective of health team professionals from the Family Health Strategy (FHS), from the point of view of which three associated themes were imposed as axes of the concerns: interdependence between procedural relationship between health and disease, resources of local medicine, generally qualified as folk medicine and, considering the exercises implied in the privileged professional function for study and participant of the interviews, the adverse working conditions. We have suggested highlighted issues of the practical experiences covered by the interviewees in questions of academic reflection. In this text, we also consider the conceptions and mode of operation of the health model and the respective regulatory frameworks of the national primary care policy. Such institutional associations demanded from this study an interdisciplinary perspective, also corresponding to the characteristics of the Doctorate Course of the Postgraduate Program in Society, Nature and Development. Thus, it emerges as a general objective: to investigate the procedural relationship between health and disease, in the context of aspects related to temporality and spatiality of the Family Health Strategy program in Arapixuna, in the municipality of Santarém-Pará. The theoretical basis of this study Barbara Starfield (2002, 2011), Eugênio Mendes Villaça (2002, 2010, 2017) Milton Santos (1999, 2002,2004 and 2008), classic and contemporary authors who helped me to reflect on the theme. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a qualitative approach and a bibliographic and documentary survey. To obtain the empirical data, one (FHS) was selected in the context of rural life, in the region rivers. Participant characterization data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data were treated using content analysis (BARDIN, 2011). With this study it was found that the therapeutic attention found in Arapixuna carries with it a community syncretism, ie, concomitantly assume that there is cognitive and action based on local needs and realities that arise. There is a shared mode, a link between life and popular knowledge in the community. It was evident in each discourse regarding the health and disease process that professionals value the link between
empirical and scientific knowledge from the institution they represent, as well as linking this procedural relationship to the general welfare. Moreover, these professionals are provided with knowledge and resources of folk medicine, in accordance with Western medicine. Thus, one knowledge does not exclude the other, on the contrary they aggregate. There is a medicinal valuation of the plant added to the divine proposition and religious aspect, as well as the efficacy approved by the experience of use. The great territorial and fluvial extension highlighted by the interviews is noticed, and these are sometimes conditioned to the nature cycle and also accompanied by the need for adequate transportation added to the financial costs to facilitate the population's access to the service. The local therapeutic itinerary in the community does not follow hierarchies follow needs. And who determines which device can meet your demand is the subject itself. Moreover, it is perceived that with limitations, but (PHC) can do what is up to it. The (PHC) of the northern region, needs to be designed in ordinances and regulations of the Ministry of Health from its specificities, including the limited financial resources and valuation of professionals to meet the many peculiarities of the Amazon region.

This thesis aimed to analyze the dynamics in the use of forest resources by communities in Conservation Units and Settlement Project in western Para. Qualiquantitative analysis tools such as Fuzzy Comparative Qualitative Analysis of Fuzzy Set Values (FsQCA), synthetic index on Economic and Social Development, PCA and cluster analysis were used to question and propose reasonable solutions that take into account the conditions of need. and sufficiency of the socioecological system, for the socioeconomic development of the communities of different occupation units in the west of Para. As a result, the combination of first-tier variables (SG * UR * U), having as response variable the Economic and Social Development Index (IDES), obtained coverage values 0.80 and consistency 0.96, implying a condition sufficiency for IDES. About 70% of the communities had median values for the Economic and Social Development Index (0.5 <SDI <0.8), the remaining 30% are below 0.5, classified as low SDI. Communities use forest resources differently, riverside communities are more extractivist, make better use of timber and non-timber forest products from native forests, the result of empirical knowledge accumulated over the generations. And settled communities prefer to plant trees, formed agroforestry systems, among other systems such as backyards and integrated with animal husbandry and short-cycle agricultural crops. Among the most cultivated forest species are andiroba, cumaru and piquiá, among other fruit trees, mainly in agroforestry yards. In settlements, the disposition of the causal condition is also highly influenced by the elements of the first layer of variables, however, the dynamics of use are differentiated, since the cultivation of forest essences, the different arrangements of SAFs, the organization in the tasks of cultivation and economic empowerment, are characteristics that differentiate the dynamics of use of these resources, leaning towards mixed use, with silvicultural practices among other techniques of management of rural property. In a way, extractivism and forestry systems as they are being conducted are not contributing to the development of communities. Exchanging experiences can be an important tool for development in the region, where agroforestry and family farming form the basis of the local economy. Therefore, developing economic activities based on the domestication of forest species and genetic improvement through empirical and technical-scientific knowledge, supported by the main social and state actors, is a viable alternative and may be an important step. sustainable development of communities that have the forest as their main heritage.

Tourism is a global economic activity, which generates employment, income and currency at a particular location. In the seaside village of Alter do Chão, district of the municipality of Santarém, Pará, the economic dynamics are systematized by activities related to this tertiary sector. The seasonal dynamics of the Tapajós river change the landscape and the local tourist offer, which in the dry and full months the beach emerges and submerges, respectively. In this sense, the objective of this research is to assess a monetary value to this beach, through the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), for Economic Value of Environmental Resources (EVER), as the main practical application of neoclassical instruments. To address the overall objective, the Thesis is structured into four chapters, each of which corresponds to an article. The first one pointed out the importance of the seasonal dynamics of Alter do ground beach for the tourism economy and the potential socioeconomic impacts on the Alter do Chão seaside resort, to be caused by the implementation of large infrastructure projects, planned within the watershed. ; The second chapter analyzed the occurrence of the tourist phenomenon and its local socioeconomic impact. the third established a relation of time, space, solar factor, precipitation factor and level factor of the Tapajós river, to calculate the carrying capacity, by segmenting into periods of beach level ebb and flow, and finally estimated Alter do Chão beach EVER, by summing up the calculation of the Direct Use Value and Indirect Use Value, during the flood and dry periods. The relevance of the theme derives from a broad investigation on the interaction environment, society and development. The approach of this study is interdisciplinary, as it works with economic concepts in a socioenvironmental context, to which support an analysis on the importance of the quality, use and usefulness of the natural environment, for the development of tourism activity in an Amazonian community. In this sense, it is considered the importance of the environmental factor and its interference in the landscape, attractions and tourist activities in Alter do Chão, for periods throughout the year, to subsidize public policies, strategic planning and local management which consider their peculiarities. improve service delivery, infrastructure, visitor satisfaction and promote economic development in the Alter do Chão community. And the estimated EVER for this natural asset makes it possible to create an indicator, which provides support for decision-making in local social and environmental management to maintain the conserved natural resource, as well as a reference to guide compensatory and restorative measures, in case of eventual conversion into indemnities.

From the interaction between growth, inequality and poverty, there is a case for three evidences: i) greater reductions in poverty occurred in countries that experienced long periods of sustained economic growth, reinforcing the idea that this would be good for the poor; ii) if this growth is accompanied by a progressive distributional change it will be even better for the poor and; iii) there is no strong empirical evidence suggesting a general growth trend on greater or lesser equity in income distribution. Moreover, there are certain differences between the channels of transmission, there is clarity on the following general aspects: i) in countries where there is widespread poverty, economic growth has a strong positive effect in reducing it; ii) poverty acts as one of the main constraints to the process of sustained economic growth. Thus, while poverty can be understood as a consequence of lack of growth, it is a limiting factor in sustaining growth. Under the conditions, where countries are constrained by certain structural difficulties, it has been called a 'poverty trap', which is at the same time defined as' the self-reinforcing mechanism that proposes the existence of vicious cycles, leading to the persistent incidence of poverty and of low rates of sustained growth between generations', that is, it is the interaction between poverty and something that is its consequence and cause. Nevertheless, in the view of international organizations, the thesis that there is a causal relationship between the condition of poverty and environmental degradation has also been diffused, under the following approaches: 1) in the mainstream of development theory, a relation was established that poverty and environmental degradation are mutually reinforcing from the vicious circle in which the former originates from the
former, aggravating the existing poverty situation, thus suggesting that poverty reduction will necessarily reduce environmental degradation , as conservation and preservation of the environment will necessarily reduce poverty; 2) the second aspect shows that environmental degradation causes poverty, where a situation of extreme environmental stress can lead the poor population of the region to migrate and lose quality of life, creating even more poverty; (3) Conversely, it can be expected that not only will poverty cause environmental degradation,
but wealth, greed, and power will also harm the environment in developing countries. Thus, from the relationship between economic growth, poverty and inequality, and environmental degradation, the literature shows that the introduction of a non-renewable natural resource base has the effect of delaying capital accumulation, even under conditions of technological progress . That is, the empirical evidence points to the existence of a certain negative pattern between abundance of natural resources and economic growth. In addition, due to the structural conditions of the least developed countries, there would be greater pressure on the natural resource base. The idea is that the correlation between poverty and environmental degradation would translate into a reinforcement of the poverty trap, where the overutilization of natural resources would not be able to generate sustained growth and, moreover,
would destroy the very wealth base in those countries, the natural capital. Considering that the Amazon is a region rich in natural resources, it can be expected to reproduce a behavior that expresses a negative relation between growth and intensity of (natural) resources. Moreover, the allocation of natural resources expresses a causal relationship of this variable not only with growth, but above all with indicators of poverty and inequality, refuting or not the condition of poverty trap. In this way, would the Legal Amazon be reproducing a kind of poverty trap? Is the endowment of natural resources the reinforcement of that trap, or vice versa? Are we living, in fact, a chronic poverty amidst abundance.